Page 16 - Journal of Structural Heart Disease Volume 5, Issue 5

209
Original Scientific Article
Table 2: Characteristics of the embolic sources.
Minor-risk potential cardio embolic sources
Mitral valve
Myxomatous valvulopathy with prolapse (%) Mitral annular calcification (%)
Aortic valve
Aortic valve stenosis (%) Calcific aortic valve (%)
Non-atrial fibrillation atrial dysrhythmias and stasis
Atrial asystole and sick sinus syndrome (%)
Atrial appendage stasis with reduced flow velocities or spontaneous echo densities (%)
Atrial structural abnormalities
Atrial septal aneurysm (%) Chiari network (%)
Left ventricle
Moderate systolic or diastolic dysfunction, Ventricular non-compaction, Endomyocardial fibrosis (%)
Cancer-associated
Convert non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis , Tumor emboli from occult cancer (%)
Arteriogenic emboli
Aortic arch atherosclerotic plaques, Cerebral artery non-stenotic plaques with ulceration (%)
Paradoxical embolism
Patent foramen ovale (%)
Atrial septal defect (%)
Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (%)
1(0.9) 3(2.9)
1(0.9) 14(13.7)
2(1.9) 5(4.9)
32(31.4) 11(10.8)
9(8.8)
4(3.9)
39(38.2)
58(56.9) 3(2.9) 0(0)
0(0) 1(4.2)
0(0) 1(4.2)
0(0) 0(0)
4(16.7) 1(4.2)
2(8.3)
0(0)
1(4.2)
15(62.5) 1(4.2) 0(0)
1(1.3) 0.57 2(2.6) 0.68
1(1.3) 0.57 13(16.7) 0.12
2(2.6) 0.43 5(6.4) 0.20
28(35.9) 0.07 10(12.8) 0.23
7(9.0) 0.92
4(5.1) 0.26
38(48.7) <0.001
43(55.1) 0.52 2(2.6) 0.68
0(0) -
Causes
All patients (n=102)
Younger (n=24)
Older (n=78)
P value
mitral valve, aortic valve, atrial structural abnormali- ties, and left ventricle. Similarly, no difference in can- cer-associated and paradoxical emboli was observed between younger and older patients. PFO as the em- bolic source was also similar between younger and older patients (62.5% vs. 55.1%, p=0.52).On the other hand, the rate of aortic arch atherosclerotic plaques was significantly higher in older patients (4.2% vs. 48.7%, p <0.001).
Total numbers of other embolic sources in addition to PFO or combined PFO and ASA
A total of 58 patients (56.9%) were detected PFO. Table 3 presents the total number of other embolic sources in addition to PFO or combined PFO and ASA. Older patients exhibited multiple causes of embolic stroke more frequently than younger patients with only 14 of 43 (32.6%) having PFO or combined PFO and ASA alone.
Takafuji H. et al.
Embolic Sources in Young and Old ESUS Patients